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HEPATITIS C VIRUS & LIVER DISEASE

  1. BUPLEURUM ROOT (CHAI HU): Bupleurum is one of the most important herbs used in Chinese herbalism. Because of its detoxifying and anti-microbial properties, it has the ability to relieve liver tension and digestive disturbances. It is the primary herb regulating body energy, for relieving blockages in the body and then allowing the toxins to be discharged safely out of the system. Combined with white peony, bupleurum will detoxify the blood and eliminate heat. Bupleurum root is used in chronic hepatitis, enlarged liver, depression and irregular menstruation. It increases protein synthesis in the liver, and reduces inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin production. The primary chemical constituents of bupleurum root include: saikosaponins, fatty acids, glycosides, oleic acid, palmitic acid, quercetin and narcissin. Research in Japan, beginning in the early 1960s and continuing today, has revealed that the saikosides are potent medicines. They appear to protect the liver from toxicity and strengthen liver function, even in people suffering from immune system disorders. Bupleurum grows in China and has been taken by the Chinese for over 2,000 years. Clinical trials have demonstrated that bupleurum is a safe and effective treatment for hepatitis C and other chronic liver problems. [1-12]

  2. WHITE PEONY (BAI SHAO YAO): The peony flower is the national flower of China. Peony root is highly prized for its ability to relax muscle and cleanse the blood. It relieves cramps and spasms anywhere in the body and is highly effective in relieving menstrual pain. It is believed to extend life and to promote beauty. Men should use peony as well, since it has an anti-aging effect without affecting hormones. In hepatitis, white peony is used primarily to nourish the blood circulation and to smooth and relax the liver. There are no known drug interactions with white peony root. [13-19]

  3. PRIVET FRUIT-LIGUSTRUM (NU ZHEN ZI): Privet fruit (ligustrum) is a shrub native to China and eastern Asia, but is now grown ornamentally in the United States. Used for a wide range of conditions, privet fruit is a tonic for the liver and kidneys. It helps to lower liver enzymes, inhibits degeneration and reduces necrosis of liver cells. It raises the white blood cell count, and can rapidly reduce jaundice. Privet fruit has gained a reputation as a powerful immune enhancing herb. In a study done in the United States, supported by the National Institutes of Health, privet fruit was found to prevent breakdown of the immune system when cancer patients were given chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Subsequent studies around the world have supported this action. It is now used clinically for this purpose in Japan and China. It is often combined with Lycium fruit or astragalus. The major constituent in privet fruit is ligustrin (oleanolic acid). Studies in China suggest that privet fruit stimulates the immune system, decreases inflammation and protects the liver. At regular doses, privet fruit has practically no toxicity. [20-27]

  4. ECLIPTA (HAN LIAN CAO): Eclipta is found in the lowlands of East Asia from China to Australia. The leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable and also used in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a cooling and restorative herb that supports the liver, the mind and eyes. The leaf extract is considered to be a powerful liver tonic and rejuvenative, and especially good for the hair. In India, Ayurvedic tradition uses eclipta to address liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver enlargement, jaundice and other liver conditions. Studies in mice show protective effects of Eclipta against known liver toxins. Eclipta can be applied topically to treat nosebleeds and bleeding caused by traumatic injury. Compounds found in eclipta suggest that it has anti-inflammatory properties, and can be used in the fight against liver disease. In Chinese Medicine, eclipta clears deficient heat and cools the blood. It is often used in combination with privet fruit and lycium to boost the immune system. It is well tolerated and has a high margin of safety. The American Herbal Products Association has stated there are no known drug interactions with eclipta. [28-33]

  5. LYCIUM BERRY-WOLFBERRY FRUIT (GOU QI ZI): Lycium berry fruit contains polysaccharides which have been demonstrated to strongly fortify the immune system. It is very rich in Vitamins C and B, and is the richest source of carotenoids, (including beta-carotene) in the world. It also contains 18 amino acids, numerous trace elements including germanium, and beta-sitosterol, a powerful anti-inflammatory agent. Lycium fruit traditionally has been a long favorite herb of Chinese martial artists and athletes because it strengthens the legs and increases vitality. It is also one of the fundamental sexual tonic herbs used in Chinese herbalism, especially when combined with other herbs such as cordyceps, astragalus, ginseng and schizandra. As an immune enhancer, when lycium extract was provided to 20 elderly people, once a day for 3 weeks, more than 67% of the patients' T cell transformation functions tripled and the activity of the patients' white cell interleukin-2 doubled. Lycium berry has been undergoing intense scrutiny as an anti-cancer drug in China and Japan. The fruit can kill many kinds of cancer cells in vitro because it contains germanium which has been demonstrated in Japanese studies to have anti-cancer activity. The berries are very nourishing and can inhibit the precipitation of fat in liver cells and promote the regeneration of the liver. Lycium fruit has absolutely no toxicity. [34-39]

  6. ANDROGRAPHIS (CHUAN XIN LIAN): Andrographis is used to rid the body of heat, as in fevers, and to dispel toxins from the body. In Scandinavian countries, it is commonly used to prevent and treat common colds. Research has confirmed that, properly administered, andrographis can be: anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, cardio-protective, digestive-promoting, liver-protective, immune- enhancing and anti-cancer. The primary medical component of andrographis is andrographolide. The herb has been used medicinally for centuries and has been extensively studied; most of these studies have been performed within the last half of the 20th century. It is now being tested in cancer and HIV patients. In Ayurvedic medicine (a system used in India), there are at least 26 different formulations containing andrographis that are used to treat liver disorders. An Indian study of hepatitis patients demonstrated a marked improvement in the majority patients tested after giving them the herb. Appetite improved on the 5th day of treatment, jaundice gradually diminished and completely disappeared within 24 days, and fever subsided after 7 days on average. Other indications of effectiveness included improvement in liver function tests. Grown in the subtropical areas of China and Southeast Asia, safety studies and clinical trials using andrographis have not reported any toxic effects. [40-51]

  7. SICHUAN LOVAGE ROOT-LIGUSTICUM (CHUAN XIONG): The Sichuan lovage rhizome is a perennial plant with white flowers, grown in Sichuan, China, that bear fruit in August and September of each year. It is considered by Eastern medical view to regulate and invigorate the blood, dispel wind and to relieve pain. It is most commonly used as an analgesic in the treatment of cold, headache and rheumatic pain, swelling, and pain due to traumatic injury. Studies dating back as far as 1958 show that lovage root is effective in the treatment of headaches by decreasing vascular resistance while increasing blood flow in the brain. In recent years, it has been used in the treatment of coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. The herb dilates the capillaries and other blood vessels and thus lowers blood pressure. In liver disease it primarily promotes an increased blood circulation, especially to the liver, and imparts a vital energy to the body. [52-56]

  8. ASTRAGALUS ROOT (HUANG QI): Astragalus is one of the oldest known herbs in Chinese Medicine and has been used for over 2000 years to strengthen the body as a whole, strengthen muscle, and improve metabolic functions. It is considered a deep immune tonic that increases the body's ability to produce more immune T cells, protecting us from pathogens. Studies at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Research Center at the University of Houston, Texas, demonstrated that astragalus improves the immune response in humans undergoing radiation and chemotherapy as a treatment for cancer. In China, astragalus is sometimes considered superior to ginseng as an energizer for young people. Astragalus has been proven to have potent immune-modulating effects in both animals and humans. Extracts of astragalus enhance macrophage activity and reduce the activity of suppresser T cells. The herbal extract significantly increases natural killer cell cytotoxicity. It helps antibody response. It tends to protect the white blood cells from leucopenia and has hematopoietic (red blood cell building) activity as well. The polysaccharides found in astragalus are potent anti-oxidants, hundreds of times stronger than Vitamin E, and stronger than that of grape seed extract. Astragalus is rich in zinc and selenium, components which have shown powerful anti-cancer activity. Astragalus may be added to almost any tonic formulation designed to strengthen the entire body. It is superb for young or old people, male or female. There are no known side effects associated with standardized astragalus extract. [57-72]

  9. PORIA (FU LING): Poria is very widely used in Chinese herbalism as a tonic to benefit the internal organs. It is a solid fungus which grows on the roots of old pine trees. It is a mild, safe and effective diuretic, used in hundreds of classical formulas to improve the flow of water through the body. Recent research has discovered that poria is a powerful immune system tonic. It has been found to induce the production in human beings of a-interferon. Poria is tranquilizing to the mind, and taken for a long time it can relieve hunger and lengthen the life. Poria is a very safe herb. [73-80]

  10. MELIA FRUIT (CHUAN LIAN ZI): Also known as the Sichuan pagoda tree, melia regulates qi (energy pathways) and stops pain, especially flank pain and pain in the lower ribs or abdomen. This is usually caused by liver-stomach disharmony or liver qi (energy) stagnation. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, the 2 main functions of the liver are to store the blood and to regulate body energy (qi). The liver regulates qi by promoting its free flow. When the liver is dysfunctional, qi does not flow freely and smoothly, thereby stagnating. This stagnation of the liver-energy (qi) involves the stomach and is manifested as stomachache, abdominal and rib pain. By regulating the liver qi, the herb calms the liver and alleviates pain. [81-85]

  11. PEACH KERNEL (TAO REN): Peach kernel is found in all parts of China. Peach kernel helps promote circulation, dissolves accumulated clots, and acts as a laxative for dry intestines. It is said to "loosen the belly" and open stoppages of the liver. It helps to regulate menstruation and can be used after traumatic injuries with swelling and pain. Its major constituents are: oleic acid, glyceric acid, linoleic acid, and amygdalin emulsion. [86-91]

  12. SCHIZANDRA FRUIT (WU WEI ZI): Schizandra is one of the primary liver cleansing and hepatic protective herbs used in Chinese herbalism. By taking schizandra regularly, it is possible to rid the body of toxins before they have a chance to do serious damage. It can promote the regeneration of liver tissue, and enhance protein and nucleic acid synthesis. The protective action of schizandra is partly due to its ability to promote the regeneration of mitochondria in hepatic cells. This can improve the function of the cell membranes, detoxify, and reduce elevated ALT liver enzymes in about 80% of patients. From the fruit of schizandra, 7 active liver enzyme-lowering ingredients have been currently isolated. Schizandra fruit also contains various lignans, mainly schizandrins, which have been found to prevent liver damage, stimulate liver repair and preserve normal liver functioning. These properties appear to be related to the various anti-oxidant abilities of the schizandrins. There also have been numerous reports on schizandra's ability to quicken reflexes, control anger and combat insomnia, headaches and dizziness. A recent study concluded that schizandra might be helpful to reverse depression. Schizandra generates vitality and radiant beauty when used regularly. It is a safe and powerful tonic herb which is mildly calming for both men and women. [92-100]

  13. SOPHORA ROOT (SHAN DOU GEN): The active ingredient in sophora root is oxymatrine. Oxymatrine can prevent liver cell damage through its affect on the cytochrome P450 pathway. Thus, it can strengthen the detoxification capability of the liver. It also has shown anti-viral effects and it is immune regulatory. In China, the alkaloids are often given by injection, but since this method of administration is not currently available in the west, oral dosing is used here instead. Chinese researchers have also used the alkaloids in capsule form, with results that appear similar to the injection. Tests done at the Shanghai Second Medical University confirmed that sophora inhibited viral replication, not just causing a reduction in liver damage, but it actually inhibited viral activity, thereby reducing the viral load in hepatitis patients. By adding other Chinese herbs, effects at the Amoy Municipal Hospital in China were deemed to be comparable to those attained with interferon therapy, except that adverse reactions were avoided. In addition, the use of oxymatrine and Chinese herb formulas also inhibited liver fibrosis. [101-111]

  14. SICHUAN OX KNEE ROOT (CHUAN NIU XI): This is the root of the Achyranthes, a perennial plant, grown in China, Japan and India. It promotes blood circulation, regulates menstruation, nourishes the liver and kidneys and strengthens bones and muscles. Ox knee root acts predominantly on the lower half of the body and is used also in the treatment of aching back and knees. Used in combination with peach kernel, it helps soreness and pain of the waist and knees due to prolonged arthralgia. It disperses heat from the liver (due to inflammation) which can be responsible for dizziness, headaches and nose bleeding, thereby calming the liver. The Chinese consider emotions to have very powerful effects on the functioning of the internal organs, and strong or unresolved emotions can damage the organs with which they are associated. The primary emotion associated with the liver is anger, however, the liver is also responsible for keeping all of the emotions in a state of smooth flow. When there is emotional stress, the liver is overwhelmed and several types of liver dysfunction can result. Ox knee root helps nourish the liver and keep it healthy by promoting good blood circulation. [112-118]

  15. LICORICE (GAN CAO): Licorice is the most frequently used herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine and has been extensively studied. It is a sweet, mild herb and has many functions. It has anti-viral effects and can inhibit virus proliferation. It can normalize liver ALT and AST enzymes and restore liver function from damage due to carbon tetrachloride. Licorice can reduce degeneration and necrosis and promote regeneration of liver cells, and inhibit fibrosis. Licorice is the most broad-spectrum natural detoxifying agent known, ridding the body of over 1200 different toxins, without any distressful side effects. It is often used as an anti-inflammatory agent because it contains chemical components which act similarly to cortisone, but without the side effects. When combined with white peony root, it is a superb anti-spasmodic to relax both smooth and striated muscle and is famous for relieving cramps in the stomach, calves, and feet. Licorice root is rich in flavonoids, amino acids and biotin. As a tea, it acts as an anti-tussive (anti-cough) action similar to codeine, but without the drowsiness. It is safe in a carefully prepared formulation. Taken by itself, in large doses and for long term, it can raise blood pressure in some individuals. Since the herb is powerful, only small doses are usually sufficient to achieve excellent results. Many Chinese formulas use licorice as a harmonizing ingredient. It is believed that licorice harmonizes the ingredients in an herbal formulation, eliminating harshness of action and promoting smooth activity of the herbs. [119-143]

 

REFERENCES

( Click on Author(s) for more Information )


BUPLEURUM ROOT

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  2. Be-Jen Wang , Chu-Ting Liu , Chin-Yin Tseng , Chien-Ping Wu and Zer-Ran Yu Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Bupleurum kaoi Liu (Chao et Chuang) extract and its fractions fractionated using supercritical CO2 on CCl4-induced liver damage Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 42, Issue 4, April 2004, Pages 609-617



  3. Chou CC, Pan SL, Teng CM, Guh JH. Pharmacological evaluation of several major ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines in human hepatoma Hep3B cells.
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  4. Hsu YL, Kuo PL, Lin CC. The proliferative inhibition and apoptotic mechanism of Saikosaponin D in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Life Sci. 2004 Jul 23; 75(10):1231-42.



  5. Guinea MC, Parellada J, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Wagner H. Biologically active triterpene saponins from Bupleurum fruticosum. Planta Med. 1994 Apr;60 (2):163-7.



  6. Yen MH, Lin CC, Chuang CH, Liu SY. Evaluation of root quality of Bupleurum species by TLC scanner and the liver protective effects of "xiao-chai-hu-tang" prepared using three different Bupleurum species. J Ethnopharmacol. 1991 Sep; 34(2-3):155-65.



  7. Yamamoto M, Kumagai A, Yamamura Y. Structure and actions of saikosaponins isolated from Bupleurum falcatum L. I. Anti-inflammatory action of
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  8. Yamamoto M, Kumagai A, Yamamura Y. Structure and action of saikosaponins isolated from Bupleurum falcatum L. II. Metabolic actions of saikosaponins, especially a plasma cholesterol-lowering action. Arzneimittelforschung. 1975 Aug;25 (8):1240-3.



  9. Chow LW, Loo WT, Sham JS. Effects of a herbal compound containing
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  10. Chow WC, Loo TY, Sham ST. Cytokine production by human lymphocytes stimulated by a herbal compound containing Bupleurum (KY88 LIVER LIVO).
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  11. Chow LW, Loo WT, Sham JS, Cheung MN. Radix bupleuri containing compound (KY88 liver-livo) induces apoptosis and production of interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in liver cancer cells in vitro. Am J Chin Med. 2004; 32(2):185-93.



  12. Abe H, Sakaguchi M, Odashima S, Arichi S. Protective effect of saikosaponin-d isolated from Bupleurum falcatum L. on CCl4-induced liver injury in the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1982 Sep; 320(3):266-71.



    13. WHITE PEONY


  13. Xie C. [Effects of danggui shaoyao powder on blood rheological indexes and prostaglandin F2 alpha in dysmenorrhea patients. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1990 Jul; 10(7):410-2, 389.



  14. Sun Y, Chen T, Xu Q. Si-Ni-San, a traditional Chinese prescription, and its drug-pairs suppress contact sensitivity in mice via inhibition of the activity of metalloproteinases and adhesion of T lymphocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003 Jun; 55(6):839-46.



  15. Li YC, Sun YF, Feng ZJ. Experimental study on antagonizing liver fibrosis of radix Paeoniae rubra Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2003 Oct; 23(10):767-8. No abstract available.



  16. Prieto JM, Recio MC, Giner RM, Manez S, Giner-Larza EM, Rios JL. Influence of traditional Chinese anti-inflammatory medicinal plants on leukocyte and platelet functions. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003 Sep; 55(9):1275-82



  17. Qin L, Zhang SH, Li XL. Studies on immunoregulating effect of monkshood root and peony root used singly and in combination. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2002 Jul; 27(7):541-4.



  18. Lee SM, Li ML, Tse YC, Leung SC, Lee MM, Tsui SK, Fung KP, Lee CY, Waye MM. Paeoniae Radix, a Chinese herbal extract, inhibit hepatoma cells growth by inducing apoptosis in a p53 independent pathway. Life Sci. 2002 Sep 27; 71 (19) : 2267-77.



  19. Tabata K, Matsumoto K, Murakami Y, Watanabe H. Ameliorative effects of paeoniflorin, a major constituent of peony root, on adenosine A1 receptor-mediated impairment of passive avoidance performance and long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Biol Pharm Bull. 2001 May; 24(5):496-500.



    20. PRIVET FRUIT (LIGUSTRUM)


  20. Yim TK, Wu WK, Pak WF, Ko KM. Hepatoprotective action of an oleanolic acid-enriched extract of Ligustrum lucidum fruits is mediated through an enhancement on hepatic glutathione regeneration capacity in mice. Phytother Res. 2001 Nov; 15(7):589-92.



  21. Ma SC, He ZD, Deng XL, But PP, Ooi VE, Xu HX, Lee SH, Lee SF. In vitro evaluation of secoiridoid glucosides from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum as antiviral agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2001 Nov; 49(11):1471-3.



  22. He ZD, But PPH, Chan TW, Dong H, Xu HX, Lau CP, Sun HD. Antioxidative glucosides from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2001 Jun; 49(6):780-4.



  23. Konno K, Hirayama C, Yasui H, Nakamura M. Enzymatic activation of oleuropein: A protein crosslinker used as a chemical defense in the privet tree
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Aug 3; 96(16):9159-64



  24. Rittenhouse JR, Lui PD, Lau BH. Chinese medicinal herbs reverse macrophage suppression induced by urological tumors. J Urol. 1991 Aug; 146(2):486-90.



  25. Sun Y, Hersh EM, Lee SL, McLaughlin M, Loo TL, Mavligit GM. Preliminary observations on the effects of the Chinese medicinal herbs Astragalus membranaceus and Ligustrum lucidum on lymphocyte blastogenic responses.
    J Biol Response Mod. 1983; 2(3):227-37.



  26. Sun Y, Hersh EM, Talpaz M, Lee SL, Wong W, Loo TL, Mavligit GM. Immune restoration and/or augmentation of local graft versus host reaction by traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Cancer. 1983 Jul 1; 52(1):70-3.



  27. Jiang H, Huang X, Yang Y, Zhang Q. Studies on the antilipid peroxidation of nine sorts of Chinese herbal medicines with the function of protecting liver]
    Zhong Yao Cai. 1997 Dec; 20(12):624-6.



    28. ECLIPTA


  28. Sawant M, Isaac JC, Narayanan S. Analgesic studies on total alkaloids and alcohol extracts of Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk. Phytother Res. 2004 Feb; 18(2):111-3.



  29. Saxena AK, Singh B, Anand KK. Hepatoprotective effects of Eclipta alba on subcellular levels in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993 Dec; 40(3):155-61.



  30. Singh B, Saxena AK, Chandan BK, Agarwal SG, Anand KK. In vivo hepatoprotective activity of active fraction from ethanolic extract of Eclipta alba leaves.Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001 Oct; 45(4):435-41.



  31. Han Y, Xia C, Cheng X, Xiang R, Liu H, Yan Q, Xu D. Preliminary studies on chemical constituents and pharmacological action of Eclipta prostrata L.
    Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1998 Nov; 23(11):680-2, 703.



  32. He J, Li Y, Wei S, Guo M, Fu W. Effects of mixture of Astragalus membranaceus, Fructus Ligustri lucidi and Eclipta prostrata on immune function in mice Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1992 Sep; 23(4):408-11.



  33. Ma-Ma K, Nyunt N, Tin KM. The protective effect of Eclipta alba on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1978 Sep; 45(3):723-8. No abstract available.



    34. LYCIUM BERRY (WOLFBERRY FRUIT)


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  35. Kim SY, Lee EJ, Kim HP, Kim YC, Moon A, Kim YC. A novel cerebroside from lycii fructus preserves the hepatic glutathione redox system in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Biol Pharm Bull. 1999 Aug; 22(8):873-5.



  36. Kim SY, Lee EJ, Kim HP, Lee HS, Kim YC. LCC, a cerebroside from Lycium chinense, protects primary cultured rat hepatocytes exposed to galactosamine.
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  37. Huang Y, Lu J, Shen Y, Lu J. The protective effects of total flavonoids from Lycium Barbarum L. on lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondria and red blood cell in rats Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 1999 Mar 30; 28(2):115-6.



  38. Kim SY, Choi YH, Huh H, Kim J, Kim YC, Lee HS. New antihepatotoxic cerebroside from Lycium chinense fruits. J Nat Prod. 1997 Mar; 60(3):274-6.



  39. Gan L, Wang J, Zhang S. Inhibition the growth of human leukemia cells by Lycium barbarum polysaccharide Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2001 Nov; 30(6):333-5.




    40. ANDROGRAPHIS


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  41. Trivedi NP, Rawal UM. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant property of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in BHC induced liver damage in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Jan; 39(1):41-6.



  42. Visen PK, Shukla B, Patnaik GK, Dhawan BN. Andrographolide protects rat hepatocytes against paracetamol-induced damage. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993 Oct; 40(2):131-6.



  43. Kapil A, Koul IB, Banerjee SK, Gupta BD. Antihepatotoxic effects of major diterpenoid constituents of Andrographis paniculata. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Jul 6; 46(1):182-5.



  44. Handa SS, Sharma A. Hepatoprotective activity of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata against carbontetrachloride. Indian J Med Res. 1990 Aug; 92:276-83.



  45. Handa SS, Sharma A. Hepatoprotective activity of andrographolide against galactosamine & paracetamol intoxication in rats. Indian J Med Res. 1990 Aug; 92:284-92.



  46. Kumar RA, Sridevi K, Kumar NV, Nanduri S, Rajagopal S. Anticancer and immunostimulatory compounds from Andrographis paniculata. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jun; 92(2-3):291-5.



  47. Rajagopal S, Kumar RA, Deevi DS, Satyanarayana C, Rajagopalan R. Andrographolide, a potential cancer therapeutic agent isolated from Andrographis paniculata. J Exp Ther Oncol. 2003 May-Jun; 3(3):147-58.



  48. Singha PK, Roy S, Dey S. Antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata.
    Fitoterapia. 2003 Dec; 74(7-8):692-4.



  49. Ram VJ. Herbal preparations as a source of hepatoprotective agents.
    Drug News Perspect. 2001 Aug; 14(6):353-63.



  50. Choudhury BR, Haque SJ, Poddar MK. In vivo and in vitro effects of kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) extract and andrographolide on hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes. Planta Med. 1987 Apr; 53(2):135-40. No abstract available.



  51. Chang RS, Ding L, Chen GQ, Pan QC, Zhao ZL, Smith KM. Dehydroandrographolide succinic acid monoester as an inhibitor against the human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1991 May; 197(1):59-66.




    52. LOVAGE ROOT (LIGUSTICUM)


  52. Dai Y, But PP, Chan YP, Matsuda H, Kubo M. Antipruritic and antiinflammatory effects of aqueous extract from Si-Wu-Tang. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Sep; 25(9):1175-8.



  53. Chen KJ, Chen K. Ischemic stroke treated with Ligusticum chuanxiong.Chin Med J (Engl). 1992 Oct; 105(10):870-3. Review.



  54. Hou YZ, Zhao GR, Yang J, Yuan YJ, Zhu GG, Hiltunen R. Protective effect of Ligusticum chuanxiong and Angelica sinensis on endothelial cell damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. Life Sci. 2004 Aug 20; 75(14):1775-86.



  55. Sinclair S. Chinese herbs: a clinical review of Astragalus, Ligusticum, and Schizandrae. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Oct; 3(5):338-44. Review.



  56. He J, Li Y, Wei S, Guo M, Fu W. Effects of mixture of Astragalus membranaceus, Fructus Ligustri lucidi and Eclipta prostrata on immune function in mice Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1992 Sep; 23(4):408-11.



    57. ASTRAGALUS ROOT


  57. Zhang ZL, Wen QZ, Liu CX. Hepatoprotective effects of astraglus root.J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Sep; 30(2):145-9.



  58. Zhang YD, Shen JP, Zhu SH, Huang DK, Ding Y, Zhang XL. Effects of astragalus (ASI, SK) on experimental liver injury Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1992; 27(6):401-6.



  59. Chen H, Weng L. Comparison on efficacy in treating liver fibrosis of chronic hepatitis B between Astragalus Polygonum anti-fibrosis decoction and jinshuibao capsule Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2000 Apr; 20(4):255-7.



  60. Kinjo J, Udayama M, Okawa M, Nohara T. Study of structure--hepatoprotective relationships of oleanene-type triterpenoidal glucuronides obtained from several fabaceous plants on rat primary hepatocyte cultures. Biol Pharm Bull. 1999 Feb; 22(2):203-6.



  61. Wang DQ, Ding BG, Ma YQ, Zhao HL, Neil TG, Brian T, Tian YP, Wang CB, Critchley JA. Studies on protective effect of total flavonoids of Astragalus on liver damage paracetamol-inducedby Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2001 Jul; 26(7):483-6.



  62. Li CX, Li L, Lou J, Yang WX, Lei TW, Li YH, Liu J, Cheng ML, Huang LH. The protective effects of traditional Chinese medicine prescription, han-dan-ganle, on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats.Am J Chin Med. 1998;26 (3-4):325-32.



  63. Li XY. Immunomodulating Chinese herbal medicines. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1991; 86 Suppl 2:159-64.



  64. Block KI, Mead MN. Immune system effects of echinacea, ginseng, and astragalus: a review. Integr Cancer Ther. 2003 Sep; 2(3):247-67. Review.



  65. Shon YH, Nam KS. Protective effect of Astragali radix extract on interleukin 1beta-induced in fl ammation in human amnion. Phytother Res. 2003 Nov; 17(9):1016-20.



  66. Weng XS. Treatment of leucopenia with pure Astragalus preparation--an analysis of 115 leucopenic cases Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1995 Aug; 15(8):462-4.



  67. Chen KT, Su CH, Hsin LH, Su YC, Su YP, Lin JG. Reducing fatigue of athletes following oral administration of huangqi jianzhong tang. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2002 Aug; 23(8):757-61.



  68. Cui R, He J, Wang B, Zhang F, Chen G, Yin S, Shen H. Suppressive effect of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge on chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2003 Jan; 51(1):75-80. Epub 2002 Nov 26.



  69. Fu QL. Experimental study on yiqi-huoxue therapy of liver fibrosis]
    Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1992 Apr; 12(4):228-9, 198.



  70. Hong GX, Qin WC, Huang LS. Memory-improving effect of aqueous extract of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1994 Nov; 19(11):687-8, 704.



  71. Li C, Luo J, Li L, Cheng M, Huang N, Liu J, Waalkes MP. The collagenolytic effects of the traditional Chinese medicine preparation, Han-Dan-Gan-Le, contribute to reversal of chemical-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Life Sci. 2003 Feb 21; 72(14):1563-71.



  72. Chu D, Sun Y, Lin J, Wong W, Mavligit G. F3, a fractionated extract of Astragalus membranaceus, potentiates lymphokine-activated killer cell cytotoxicity generated by low-dose recombinant interleukin-2 Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1990 Jan; 10(1):34-6, 5.



    73. PORIA


  73. Yu SJ, Tseng J. Fu-Ling, a Chinese herbal drug, modulates cytokine secretion by human peripheral blood monocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1996 Jan; 18(1):37-44.



  74. Jin Y, Zhang L, Zhang M, Chen L, Cheung PC, Oi VE, Lin Y. Antitumor activities of heteropolysaccharides of Poria cocos mycelia from different strains and culture media. Carbohydr Res. 2003 Jul 4; 338(14):1517-21.



  75. Ukiya M, Akihisa T, Tokuda H, Hirano M, Oshikubo M, Nobukuni Y, Kimura Y, Tai T, Kondo S, Nishino H. Inhibition of tumor-promoting effects by poricoic acids G and H and other lanostane-type triterpenes and cytotoxic activity of poricoic acids A and G from Poria cocos. J Nat Prod. 2002 Apr; 65(4):462-5.



  76. Schinella GR, Tournier HA, Prieto JM, Mordujovich D, Rios JL. Antioxidant activity of anti-inflammatory plant extracts. Life Sci. 2002 Jan 18; 70(9):1023-33.



  77. Tai T, Akita Y, Kinoshita K, Koyama K, Takahashi K, Watanabe K. Anti-emetic principles of Poria cocos. Planta Med. 1995 Dec; 61(6):527-30.



  78. Tseng J, Chang JG. Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
    secretion from human monocytes by an extract of Poria cocos. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1992 Feb; 25(1):1-11.



  79. Liou CJ, Tseng J. A Chinese herbal medicine, fu-ling, regulates interleukin-10 production by murine spleen cells. Am J Chin Med. 2002; 30(4):551-60.



  80. Chen YY, Chang HM. Antiproliferative and differentiating effects of polysaccharide fraction from fu-ling (Poria cocos) on human leukemic U937 and HL-60 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 May; 42(5):759-69.



    81. MELIA FRUIT


  81. Yu JC, Min ZD, Ip NY. Melia toosendan regulates PC12 Cell differentiation via the activation of protein kinase A and extracellular signal-regulated kinases. Neurosignals. 2004 Sep-Oct; 13(5):248-57.



  82. Tada K, Takido M, Kitanaka S. Limonoids from fruit of Melia toosendan and their cytotoxic activity. Phytochemistry. 1999 Jul; 51(6):787-91.



  83. Kim HM, Oh GT, Han SB, Hong DH, Hwang BY, Kim YH, Lee JJ. Comparative studies of adriamycin and 28-deacetyl sendanin on in vitro growth inhibition of human cancer cell lines. Arch Pharm Res. 1994 Apr; 17(2):100-3.



  84. Wang ZF, Shi YL. Modulation of inward rectifier potassium channel by toosendanin, a presynaptic blocker. Neurosci Res. 2001 Jul; 40(3):211-5.



  85. Xu Y, Shi Y. Action of toosendanin on the membrane current of mouse motor nerve terminals. Brain Res. 1993 Dec 17; 631(1):46-50.



    86. PEACH KERNEL


  86. Xu LM, Liu P, Liu C, Hong JH, Lu G, Xue HM, Zhu JL, Hu YY. Observation on the action of extractum semen Persicae on anti-fibrosis of liver Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1994 Aug; 19(8):491-4, 512.



  87. Zhu JL, Liu C. Modulating effects of extractum semen Persicae and cultivated Cordyceps hyphae on immuno-dysfunction of inpatients with posthepatitic cirrhosis Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1992 Apr; 12(4):207-9, 195.



  88. Fukuda T, Ito H, Mukainaka T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Yoshida T. Anti-tumor promoting effect of glycosides from Prunus persica seeds. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Feb; 26(2):271-3.



  89. Liu P, Liu C, Hu YY. Effect of fuzheng huayu recipe in treating posthepatitic cirrhosis Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1996 Aug; 16(8):459-62.



  90. Park WH, Ahn JC, Kim HM, Lee YC, Kim CH. Effects of a Korean herbal formulation, Silsosangami, consisting of seven medicinal herbs, and its seven herbs on endotoxin-induced experimental thrombosis in rats. Phytother Res. 2004 Mar; 18(3):224-9.



  91. Kwon HY, Hong SP, Hahn DH, Kim JH. Apoptosis induction of Persicae Semen extract in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. Arch Pharm Res. 2003 Feb; 26(2):157-61.



    92. SCHIZANDRA FRUIT


  92. Nomura M, Nakachiyama M, Hida T, Ohtaki Y, Sudo K, Aizawa T, Aburada M, Miyamoto KI. Gomisin A, a lignan component of Schizandora fruits, inhibits development of preneoplastic lesions in rat liver by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylamino-azobenzene. Cancer Lett. 1994 Jan 15; 76(1):11-8.



  93. Mizoguchi Y, Kawada N, Ichikawa Y, Tsutsui H. Effect of gomisin A in the prevention of acute hepatic failure induction. Planta Med. 1991 Aug; 57(4):320-4.



  94. Maeda S, Takeda S, Miyamoto Y, Aburada M, Harada M. Effects of gomisin A on liver functions in hepatotoxic chemicals-treated rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1985 Aug;38(4):347-53.



  95. Takeda S, Funo S, Iizuka A, Kase Y, Arai I, Ohkura Y, Sudo K, Kiuchi N, Yoshida C, Maeda S, et al. Pharmacological studies on schizandra fruits. III. Effects of wuweizisu C, a lignan component of schizandra fruits, on experimental liver injuries in rats Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1985 Mar; 85(3):193-208.



  96. Huang L, Chen L, Zhang Z. Pathological observations of Fructus Schisandrae polysaccharide on anti-tumor effects in S180-bearing mice Zhong Yao Cai. 2004 Mar; 27(3):202-3.



  97. Takeda S, Kase Y, Arai I, Ohkura Y, Hasegawa M, Sekiguchi Y, Tatsugi A, Funo S, Aburada M, Hosoya E. Effects of TJN-101, a lignan compound isolated from Schisandra fruits, on liver fibrosis and on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats with chronic liver injury induced by CCl4 Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1987 Jul; 90(1):51-65.



  98. Yan-yong C, Zeng-bao S, Lian-niang L. Studies of Fructus schizandrae. IV. Isolation and determination of the active compounds (in lowering high SGPT levels) of Schizandra chinensis Baill. Sci Sin. 1976 Mar-Apr; 19(2):276-90.



  99. Liu GT. Pharmacological actions and clinical use of fructus schizandrae.
    Chin Med J (Engl). 1989 Oct; 102(10):740-9.



  100. Li XY. Bioactivity of neolignans from fructus Schizandrae. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1991; 86 Suppl 2:31-7. Review.



    101. SOPHORA ROOT


  101. Li J, Li C, Zeng M. Preliminary study on therapeutic effect of oxymatrine in treating patients with chronic hepatitis C Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1998 Apr; 18(4):227-9.



  102. Lu LG, Zeng MD, Mao YM, Li JQ, Wan MB, Li CZ, Chen CW, Fu QC, Wang JY, She WM, Cai X, Ye J, Zhou XQ, Wang H, Wu SM, Tang MF, Zhu JS, Chen WX, Zhang HQ. Oxymatrine therapy for chronic hepatitis B: a randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled multi-center trial. World J Gastroenterol. 2003 Nov; 9(11):2480-3.



  103. Chen Y, Li J, Zeng M, Lu L, Qu D, Mao Y, Fan Z, Hua J. The inhibitory effect of oxymatrine on hepatitis C virus in vitro Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2001 Jul; 9 Suppl:12-4.



  104. Tang ZM, Peng M, Zhan CJ. Screening 20 Chinese herbs often used for clearing heat and dissipating toxin with nude mice model of hepatitis C viral infection
    Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2003 Jun; 23(6):447-8.



  105. Mao YM, Zeng MD, Lu LG, Wan MB, Li CZ, Chen CW, Fu QC, Wang JY, She WM, Cai X, Ye J, Zhou XQ, Wang H, Wu SM, Tang MF, Zhu JS, Chen WX, Zhang HQ. Capsule oxymatrine in treatment of hepatic fibrosis due to chronic viral hepatitis: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical study. World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Nov 15; 10(22):3269-73.



  106. Wang BE. Treatment of chronic liver diseases with traditional Chinese medicine.
    J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000 May; 15 Suppl:E67-70.



  107. Yu YY, Wang QH, Zhu LM, Zhang QB, Xu DZ, Guo YB, Wang CQ, Guo SH, Zhou XQ, Zhang LX. A clinical research on oxymatrine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2002 Aug; 10(4):280-1.



  108. Lu LG, Zeng MD, Mao YM, Wan MB, Li CZ, Chen CW, Fu QC, Wang JY, She WM. Oxymatrine in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B for one year: a multicenter random double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2004 Oct; 12(10):597-600.



  109. Chen YX, Mao BY, Jiang JH. Relationship between serum load of HBV-DNA and therapeutic effect of oxymatrine in patients with chronic hepatitis B Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2002 May; 22(5):335-6.



  110. Yang W, Zeng M, Fan Z, Mao Y, Song Y, Jia Y, Lu L, Chen CW, Peng YS, Zhu HY. Prophylactic and therapeutic effect of oxymatrine on D-galactosamine-induced rat liver fibrosis. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2002 Jun;10(3): 193-6.



  111. Kajimoto S, Takanashi N, Kajimoto T, Xu M, Cao J, Masuda Y, Aiuchi T, Nakajo S, Ida Y, Nakaya K. Sophoranone, extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine Shan Dou Gen, induces apoptosis in human leukemia U937 cells via formation of reactive oxygen species and opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Int J Cancer. 2002 Jun 20; 99(6):879-90.



    112. SICHUAN OX KNEE ROOT


  112. Lu T, Mao C, Zhang L, Xu W. The research on analgestic and anti-inflammatory action of different processed products of Achyranthes bidentata Zhong Yao Cai. 1997 Oct; 20(10):507-9.



  113. Li ZK, Li DD. The immunomodulatory effect of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1997 Dec; 32(12):881-7.



  114. Yu S, Zhang Y. Effect of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides (ABP) on antitumor activity and immune function of S180-bearing mice. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 1995 Jul; 17(4):275-8.



  115. Xiang DB, Li XY. Antitumor activity and immuno-potentiating actions of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1993 Nov; 14(6):556-61.



  116. Xiang DB, Li XY. Effects of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides on interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1993 Jul; 14(4):332-6.



  117. Vetrichelvan T, Jegadeesan M. Effect of alcohol extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn. on acute and subacute inflammation. Phytother Res. 2003 Jan;17(1):77-9.



  118. Xie F, Li X, Sun K, Chu Y, Cao H, Chen N, Wang W, Liu M, Liu W, Mao D. An experimental study on drugs for improving blood circulation and removing blood stasis in treating mild chronic hepatic damage. J Tradit Chin Med. 2001 Sep; 21(3):225-3



    119. LICORICE


  119. Van Rossum TG, Vulto AG, de Man RA, Brouwer JT, Schalm SW. Review article: glycyrrhizin as a potential treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Mar; 12(3):199-205. Review.



  120. Van Rossum TG, Vulto AG, Hop WC, Schalm SW. Glycyrrhizin-induced reduction of ALT in European patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Aug; 96(8):2432-7.



  121. Van Rossum TG, Vulto AG, Hop WC, Brouwer JT, Niesters HG, Schalm SW. Intravenous glycyrrhizin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I/II trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999 Nov; 14(11):1093-9.



  122. Van Rossum TG, Vulto AG, Hop WC, Schalm SW. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous glycyrrhizin after single and multiple doses in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Clin Ther. 1999 Dec; 21(12):2080-90.



  123. Fujisawa Y, Sakamoto M, Matsushita M, Fujita T, Nishioka K. Glycyrrhizin inhibits the lytic pathway of complement--possible mechanism of its anti-inflammatory effect on liver cells in viral hepatitis. Microbiol Immunol. 2000; 44(9):799-804.



  124. Tsubota A, Kumada H, Arase Y, Chayama K, Saitoh S, Ikeda K, Kobayashi M, Suzuki Y, Murashima N. Combined ursodeoxycholic acid and glycyrrhizin therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a randomized controlled trial in 170 patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999 Oct; 11(10):1077-83.



  125. Abe M, Akbar F, Hasebe A, Horiike N, Onji M. Glycyrrhizin enhances interleukin-10 production by liver dendritic cells in mice with hepatitis. J Gastroenterol. 2003; 38(10):962-7.



  126. Jeong HG, You HJ, Park SJ, Moon AR, Chung YC, Kang SK, Chun HK. Hepatoprotective effects of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury: inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 expression. Pharmacol Res. 2002 Sep; 46(3):221-7.



  127. Wang JY, Guo JS, Li H, Liu SL, Zern MA. Inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin on NF-kappaB binding activity in CCl4- plus ethanol-induced liver cirrhosis in rats.
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  128. Da Nagao Y, Sata M, Suzuki H, Tanikawa K, Itoh K, Kameyama T. Effectiveness of glycyrrhizin for oral lichen planus in patients with chronic HCV infection. J Gastroenterol. 1996 Oct; 31(5):691-5.



  129. Sato H, Goto W, Yamamura J, Kurokawa M, Kageyama S, Takahara T, Watanabe A, Shiraki K. Therapeutic basis of glycyrrhizin on chronic hepatitis B. Antiviral Res. 1996 May; 30(2-3):171-7.



  130. Wang GS, Han ZW. The protective action of glycyrrhiza flavonoids against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in mice. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1993; 28(8): 572-6.
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  132. Shiki Y, Shirai K, Saito Y, Yoshida S, Mori Y, Wakashin M. Effect of glycyrrhizin on lysis of hepatocyte membranes induced by anti-liver cell membrane antibody. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1992 Jan-Feb; 7(1):12-6.



  133. Wang ZY, Nixon DW. Licorice and cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2001; 39(1):1-11. Review.



  134. Shibata S. A drug over the millennia: pharmacognosy, chemistry, and pharmacology of licorice. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2000 Oct; 120(10):849-62. Review.



  135. Takahara T, Watanabe A, Shiraki K. Effects of glycyrrhizin on hepatitis B surface antigen: a biochemical and morphological study. J Hepatol. 1994 Oct; 21(4):601-9.



  136. Eisenburg J. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Part 2: Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on the course of illness. Fortschr Med. 1992 Jul 30; 110(21):395-8.



  137. Miyake K, Tango T, Ota Y, Mitamura K, Yoshiba M, Kako M, Hayashi S, Ikeda Y, Hayashida N, Iwabuchi S, Sato Y, Tomi T, Funaki N, Hashimoto N, Umeda T, Miyazaki J, Tanaka K, Endo Y, Suzuki H. Efficacy of Stronger Neo-Minophagen C compared between two doses administered three times a week on patients with chronic viral hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002 Nov; 17(11):1198-204.



  138. Zhang L, Wang B. Randomized clinical trial with two doses (100 and 40 ml) of Stronger Neo-Minophagen C in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Res. 2002 Nov; 24(3):220.



  139. Archakov AI, Sel'tsovskii AP, Lisov VI, Tsyganov DI, Kniazhev VA, Ipatova OM, Torkhovskaia TI. Phosphogliv: mechanism of therapeutic action and clinical efficacy. Vopr Med Khim. 2002 Mar-Apr; 48(2):139-53. Review.



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